![]() ![]() And at various points in the conflict, more than half of the country’s population was displaced. The estimated death toll is 400,000 people, but it could actually be much higher. ![]() The return to high-intensity fighting in Idlib in 2020 created yet another humanitarian crisis, sending waves of refugees toward the Turkish border and adding to the war’s already staggering humanitarian cost. Want more in-depth news and expert analysis from World Politics Review? Click here to subscribe to our free newsletter now. forces from the border with Turkey, with Turkish, Syrian and Russian forces all now deployed in the region, alongside proxies and Syrian Kurdish militias. The situation in the northeast also remains volatile following the removal of U.S. The skirmishes were a reminder that the conflict, though winding down, could still flare back up and escalate. In early 2020, the Syrian army’s Russian-backed campaign to retake Idlib from the last remaining armed opposition groups concentrated there resulted in clashes with Turkish forces deployed to protect Ankara’s client militias. Though the fighting has waned in the past few years, parts of the country-such as the northwestern Idlib region-remain outside of government control. They subsequently lost almost all the territory they controlled in the face of sustained counteroffensives by pro-government forces as well as a U.S.-led coalition of Western militaries. The armed insurgency that followed soon morphed into a regional and global proxy war that, at the height of the fighting, saw radical Islamist groups, including the Islamic State, seize control over vast swathes of the country. ![]() President Bashar al-Assad, with the backing of Iran and Russia, has emerged militarily victorious from the conflict, which began after his government violently repressed civilian protests in 2011. The Syrian civil war that has decimated the country for more than a decade, provoking a regional humanitarian crisis and drawing in actors ranging from the United States to Russia, has been drawing inexorably to a conclusion for years now.
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